Overview
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) describe a group of conditions occurring as a result of alcohol exposure during pregnancy:
- Foetal alcohol effects (FAEs, also known as alcohol-related birth defects (ARBDs)
- Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – the severe end of the FASDs
Alcohol and pregnancy
Alcohol is teratogenic and pregnant people are given advice not to drink alcohol throughout pregnancy. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption and the safest approach is to avoid alcohol altogether to reduce risks to the baby.
The effects are greatest earlier in pregnancy.
Presentation
Foetal alcohol syndrome
Features of foetal alcohol include:
- Facial features:
- Short palpebral fissures (narrow eyes)
- Thin vermilion border (thin upper lip)
- Smooth/absent philtrum
- Problems with growth:
- Intrauterine growth restriction
- Low birth weight
- Short stature
- Neurodevelopmental problems:
- Microcephaly
- Learning difficulties
- Behavioural problems
Prognosis
- FASDs are lifelong and there is no cure, however, early diagnosis and individualised management plans can allow children to reach their full potential
- People with FAS are more likely to be in trouble with school, have poor relationships, have poor educational outcomes, have inappropriate sexual relationships, have mental health problems, and difficulties living independently
- Craniofacial deformities may become less noticeable as children grow, however, short stature and microcephaly remain
